哥伦布、匹兹堡及各地消息

墮胎與大蔴:您需要瞭解的俄州大選1號和2號提案

原創 Haley BeMiller 俄州亞太聯盟2023-11-06

本周二,俄亥俄州的選民將決定墮胎和大蔴這兩個熱門社會問題的未來。    選民將在11月7日決定是否批準1號提案和2號提案,以及一系列其他地方選舉和徵稅。1號提案將在州憲法中規定墮胎和其他生殖保健的權利。2號提案是一項發起的法規,將使21歲及以上成年人的娛樂性大蔴合法化。    這兩項提案都有各自的複雜性,以下是關於每項提案常見問題的解答。 什么是俄亥俄州1號提案?    1號提案將在州憲法中規定墮胎的權利,直至胎兒存活,即胎兒在採取合理措施的情况下可以在子宮外存活。它還規定了獲得避孕、流産護理、生育治療和繼續妊娠的權利。 俄亥俄州1號提案與羅伊訴韋德案相比有何不同?    俄亥俄州第1號提案和美國最高法院在 "羅伊訴韋德 "一案中的判決都使用 "存活期 "來決定何時允許墮胎。它們都允許在妊娠晩期--即 "存活期後"--進行墮胎,以保護患者的生命或健康。 俄亥俄州1號提案會讓未成年人在未經父母同意的情况下墮胎嗎?    批評者認爲會,因爲該措施使用了 "個人 "或 "懷孕患者 "一詞,而不是 "婦女"。支持者説,他們選擇這個詞是爲了包容變性人和非二元人。修正案本身並未明確提及父母同意。    俄亥俄州目前要求未成年人必須徵得父母的同意,如果該修正案獲得通過,法官將最終決定該法律是否違反該修正案。法律專家對這一結果看法不一。兒童的權利通常比成年人少,一些律師預計共和黨傾向的州最高法院不會大幅擴大這些權利。    另一方面,總檢察長約斯特(Dave Yost)的辦公室表示,"無法保證俄亥俄州的父母同意法將繼續有效"。 俄亥俄州1號提案是否允許在嬰兒出生前墮胎?    這是該提案反對者的另一個論點。根據該提案,爲了挽救孕婦的生命或健康,允許在胎兒存活後進行墮胎。這一決定將由患者的醫生做出。    這意味着懷孕晩期的墮胎可能會發生,儘管這種情况在俄亥俄州乃至全國都極爲罕見。提案1的支持者表示,只有在困難、可能危及生命的情况下,才會在懷孕晩期進行墮胎,而不是一時興起。 俄亥俄州2號提案是什么?    擬議的法律將允許21歲及以上的俄亥俄州人擁有2.5盎司除提取物以外的任何形式的大蔴和15克提取物。他們還可以單獨種植最多6株大蔴,在有多名成年人的家庭中最多種植12株大蔴。    産品將在俄亥俄州銷售稅的基礎上再徵收 10%的稅。稅收將用于大蔴社會公平和就業計劃、開設藥房的城市、打擊藥物濫用的州基金以及行政費用。 如果俄亥俄州 2號提案獲得通過,您可以在公共場所吸煙嗎?    目前這個問題還有點模糊。根據該提案,在 "公共場所 "吸食大蔴將被處以輕微輕罪。但提案同時指出,業主和 "任何公共場所 "可以自行決定是否允許或禁止吸食大蔴。 俄亥俄州2號提案是否取消大蔴定罪?    不會。雖然其他州的成人使用大蔴計劃自動取消了某些逮捕或定罪記録,但俄亥俄州的提案並不包括這一點。    相反,俄亥俄州制定了社會公平計劃,以幫助那些因執行大蔴法律而受到嚴重影響的企業主。這包括因種族、性別、民族或經濟狀况而處于不利地位的人。有大蔴被捕或定罪記録的人,或其父母、子女或配偶有大蔴被捕或定罪記録的人也符合條件。 立法機構會廢除俄亥俄州提案2嗎?    由於2號提案是一項發起法規,立法者可以自由修改或廢除選民批準的版本。不過,儘管共和黨領導人不贊成娛樂性大蔴,但完全廢除似乎不太可能。相反,他們可能會考慮收入分配問題,或提出更多要求。 附注:如果2號提案獲得通過,大蔴控制部將在新法律的範圍內制定具體的計劃規則。 如何在俄亥俄州提前親自投票 缺席投票可在當地選舉委員會辦公室或縣指定的提前投票中心親自進行。 所有地點的投票時間相同: 11月1日至3日:上午7:30至下午7:30 11 月 4 日:上午 8:00 至下午 4:00 11月5日:下午1點至5點 俄亥俄州的選民身份證法是什么?    一項新的州法律不再允許選民使用公用事業賬單和其他文件作爲領取選票的身份證明。    現在,在選舉日或提前投票期間親自投票的選民必須出示附有照片的身份證件。要通過郵寄方式投票,選民必須提供帶有照片的身份證件副本、駕駛執照號碼或社會保障號碼的最後四位數字。    居民可在當地機動車輛管理局副登記員處免費領取州身份證。更多信息請訪問 bmv.ohio.gov 俄亥俄州的 11 月選舉是什么時候?    投票站于11月7日(星期二)上午6:30開放,下午7:30關閉。要查看您的投票站位置、查看選票樣本等,請訪問 voteohio.gov 英文原文: Election Day is Tuesday: What you need to know about Ohio Issues 1 and 2 Haley BeMiller   In Ohio on Tuesday, voters will determine the future of two hot-button social issues - abortion and marijuana.    Voters will decide Nov. 7 whether to approve Issue 1 and Issue 2, along with a range of other local races and levies. Issue 1 would enshrine the right to an abortion and other reproductive health care in the state constitution. Issue 2 is an initiated statute that would legalize recreational marijuana for adults 21 and older.    Both are complex in their own ways, so here are some answers to common questions about each measure. What is Ohio Issue 1?    Issue 1 would enshrine in the state constitution the right to an abortion up until viability, which is when a fetus can survive outside the uterus with reasonable measures. It also states that there's a right to access contraception, miscarriage care, fertility treatment and continuing a pregnancy. How does Ohio Issue 1 compare to Roe v. Wade?    Both Issue 1 and the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Roe v. Wade use viability to dictate when most abortions are allowed. And they each allow abortions later in pregnancy ? or post-viability ? to protect the patient's life or health. Would Ohio Issue 1 let minors get abortions without parental consent?    Critics say so, because the measure uses the term "individual" or "pregnant patient" instead of "woman." Supporters say they chose that word to be inclusive of transgender and nonbinary people. The amendment itself does not expressly mention parental consent.    Ohio currently requires minors to get their parents' approval, and judges will ultimately decide if that law violates the amendment, should it pass. Legal experts are mixed on how this could turn out. Children generally have fewer rights than adults, and some attorneys don't expect a Republican-leaning state Supreme Court to greatly expand those rights.    Attorney General Dave Yost's office, on the other hand, said "there is no guarantee that Ohio’s parental-consent law will remain in effect."    More:Ohio Issue 1: What do different religions say about abortion? Would Ohio Issue 1 allow abortions up until birth?    This is another talking point among the issue's opponents. Under the proposal, abortions after viability would be allowed to save the pregnant patient's life or health. That decision would be made by the person's doctor.    That means abortions later in pregnancy could happen, although they're extremely rare in Ohio and nationwide. Proponents of Issue 1 say abortions later in pregnancy occur only under difficult, potentially life-threatening circumstances and don't happen on a whim. What is Ohio Issue 2?    The proposed law would allow Ohioans age 21 and older to possess 2.5 ounces of cannabis in any form except extract and 15 grams of extract. They could also grow up to six plants individually and no more than 12 in a household with multiple adults.   Products would be taxed 10% on top of Ohio's sales tax. The revenue would go toward a cannabis social equity and jobs program, municipalities with dispensaries, a state fund to combat substance abuse and administrative costs. Could you smoke in public if Ohio Issue 2 passes?    That's a little murky at this point. Under the proposal, using marijuana in "public areas" would land someone with a minor misdemeanor. But it also says property owners and "any public place" could decide for themselves whether to allow or ban marijuana use. Does Ohio Issue 2 expunge marijuana convictions?   No. While other states automatically expunged certain arrests or convictions as part of their adult-use marijuana programs, Ohio's proposal does not include that.   Instead, it establishes the social equity program to help business owners who are disproportionately affected by the enforcement of marijuana laws. This would include people who are disadvantaged based on their race, gender, ethnicity or economic status. People with marijuana arrests or convictions on their record ? or with a parent, child or spouse who has one ? would also qualify. Will the Legislature repeal Ohio Issue 2?    Since Issue 2 is an initiated statute, lawmakers are free to change or toss out the version that voters approve. But even though GOP leaders disapprove of recreational marijuana, a total repeal seems unlikely. They may instead look at the revenue distribution or impose additional requirements.    A quick side note: If Issue 2 passes, the Division of Cannabis Control will hash out specific program rules within the parameters of the new law. How to vote early in-person in Ohio Absentee ballots can be cast in-person at local board of elections offices or the county's designated early voting center. All locations have the same hours: * Nov. 1-3: 7:30 a.m. to 7:30 p.m. * Nov. 4: 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. * Nov. 5: 1 p.m. to 5 p.m. What is Ohio's voter ID law?    A new state law no longer allows voters to use utility bills and other documents as identification to receive a ballot. Now, a photo ID is required for in-person voting, either on Election Day or during the early voting period. To cast a ballot by mail, voters must provide a copy of their photo ID, driver's license number or the last four digits of their Social Security number.    Free state IDs are available to residents at local Bureau of Motor Vehicles deputy registrar locations. More information can be found at bmv.ohio.gov. When is the November election in Ohio?    Polls open Tuesday, Nov. 7 at 6:30 a.m. and close at 7:30 p.m. To check your polling location, view a sample ballot and more, visit voteohio.gov.    USA TODAY Network Ohio Bureau reporter Jessie Balmert contributed.   Haley BeMiller is a reporter for the USA TODAY Network Ohio Bureau, which serves the Columbus Dispatch, Cincinnati Enquirer, Akron Beacon Journal and 18 other affiliated news organizations across Ohio.